The current pathophysiology of COPD encompasses three main characteristics: emphysema, chronic bronchitis and small airway disease. Macrophages and neutrophils are implicated in this process ...
The diagnosis of COPD can be frustrating for both the patient and the physician, especially when a patient is identified as having the frequent-exacerbation phenotype. Counseling these patients is ...
Ahmed J. Yousuf, from the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom, and colleagues measured 35 biomarkers implicated in COPD pathogenesis in paired urine samples from 55 COPD patients during ...