Chloroplast ... genome-coordinating mechanisms include both anterograde (nucleus to organelle) and retrograde (organelle to nucleus) signals (Fig. 1). Anterograde mechanisms coordinate gene ...

The nucleomorph has many features of a eukaryotic genome, such as telomere-like repeats, potential centromeric sequences and a few small introns. A very high gene density, overlapping genes and ...

As a result, the chloroplast still possesses its own DNA, which is the source code for ... It is essential for activating the ...