Previous chapters have considered how the basic plan of the vascular plant shoot is initiated and elaborated. It will be recalled that shoot development occurs in two relatively distinct phases. An ...

This doesn’t usually damage the other plant as the thorns are strong enough to pierce ... seasonal pruning or when you’re ...

The common mechanical plant irritants include thorns, spines, glochids, trichomes, and sharp-edged leaves. Many chemical irritants have yet to be elucidated, but known culprits include calcium ...